This digital document is an article from Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning about Addictive Behavior, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses. The length of the article is 602 words. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser. The third edition of the Dictionary of American History is the first comprehensive revision of the classic Scribner reference source, originally published in 1940. Entries from previous editions have been updated and revised in light of historical developments and current scholarship, and over 800 entirely new entries have been commissioned to cover recent events (Bush v. Gore) and topics neglected by previous editions (Harlem Renaissance). This work will serve students, scholars, and the interested general reader in search of a quick and authoritative reference covering a wide range of topics in American history-from the well-studied (Louisiana Purchase) to the obscure (Camels in the West).

Digital: 4 pages HTML
Company: Macmillan Reference USA (2003)
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This digital document is an article from Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology, published by Thomson Gale on October 1, 2007. The length of the article is 4618 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Serotonin mediates beneficial effects of Hypericum perforatum on nicotine withdrawal signs.(Clinical report)
Author: C. Mannucci
Publication: Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy & Phytopharmacology (Magazine/Journal)
Date: October 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 14 Issue: 10 Page: 645(7)

Article Type: Clinical report

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Author: C. Mannucci, A. Pieratti, F. Firenzuoli, A.P. Caputi, G. Calapai
Digital: 16 pages HTML
Company: Thomson Gale (2007-10-01) (2007-11-20)
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This digital document is a journal article from Biological Psychology, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
This study was designed to assess the effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on stress-induced hemoconcentration and cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress in smokers. Forty-six smokers (>=10 cigarettes per day) were tested twice, once while wearing a 21mg nicotine patch for 12h and once while wearing a placebo patch (nicotine withdrawal). Calculated plasma volume, hemoglobin, hematocrit, HR, SBP, DBP, cardiac output, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance were assessed during a 10-min baseline period, 6-min Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task (PASAT), and a 2-min cold pressor (CP). No differences between conditions were found for any of the hematological measurements. Participants demonstrated greater HR and SBP increases to the PASAT during the nicotine withdrawal condition. For CP, participants showed greater HR and DBP increases and SV decreases during the nicotine withdrawal condition. Data from affective state ratings indicated that participants reported more negative affect during the psychological challenges during nicotine withdrawal conditions. Negative affective state may further lead to enhanced cardiovascular reactivity. These results demonstrate that although nicotine and nicotine withdrawal significantly have differential effects on cardiovascular functioning, the same differential condition effects do not appear to exist for stress-induced hemoconcentration.

Author: M.M. VanderKaay, S.M. Patterson
Digital: HTML
Company: Elsevier
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This digital document is a journal article from Addictive Behaviors, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Few data exist about the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) from population samples. The goal was to prove to what degree (1) a reduced item solution of the FTND and (2) the HSI represent the FTND. Two randomized adult population samples were used from northern Germany. Sample 1 included 1462 and sample 2 included 1042 current daily cigarette smokers aged 20-64 years with FTND data. The results show that four items of the FTND as well as the HSI represent the FTND. It is concluded that both are valid measures of the urge to smoke and the tobacco-smoke-seeking behavior.

Author: U. John, C. Meyer, A. Schumann, U. Hapke, H Rumpf
Digital: HTML
Company: Elsevier (2004-08-01)
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This digital document is a journal article from Addictive Behaviors, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Little is known about the specific pathways between depression and low self-efficacy to stop smoking, particularly among the general population. The goal was to examine whether depression and nicotine dependence may predict the confidence in the ability to refrain from smoking (CAS). A random population sample aged 18-64 was used from northern Germany. It included 1520 current smokers, who were eligible for a first follow-up after 30 months and a second follow-up after 36 months. The results show that DSM-IV major depression and nicotine dependence, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the number of cigarettes smoked, the age at onset of daily smoking, and the intention to stop smoking predict the CAS. It is concluded that there may be an additive effect from nicotine dependence and major depression on the CAS.

Author: U. John, C. Meyer, H.J. Rumpf, U. Hapke
Digital: 9 pages HTML
Company: Elsevier (2004-07-01)
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This digital document is a journal article from Behaviour Research and Therapy, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Although previous work has found associations between panic and smoking, little research has investigated potential mechanisms by which smoking may contribute to panic problems. The present investigation evaluated the incremental validity of acute nicotine withdrawal symptoms (elicited by an average of 2h of nicotine deprivation) relative to negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, and nicotine dependence in predicting anxiety responding to 3-min voluntary hyperventilation. The sample consisted of 90 regular smokers (46 females), as defined by smoking >=10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year, recruited through the general community. Consistent with prediction, greater levels of pre-challenge nicotine withdrawal symptoms uniquely predicted post-challenge intensity of panic symptoms and anxiety relative to other established factors. Findings are discussed in the context of how regular smoking may promote panic symptomotology.

Author: M.J. Zvolensky, M.T. Feldner, E.W. Leen-Feldner, G
Digital: HTML
Company: Elsevier
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An in-depth look at addiction science and medical treatments for drug abuse.

Author: Dirk Hanson
Paperback: 472 pages ISBN13: 9781439212998, Condition: New, Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!
Company: BookSurge Publishing (2009-04-12) (2009-04-12)
ISBN: 1439212996
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This digital document is an article from Clinical Psychiatry News, published by International Medical News Group on July 1, 2001. The length of the article is 516 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Brain Receptors Complicate Nicotine Withdrawal.
Author: Norra Macready
Publication: Clinical Psychiatry News (Magazine/Journal)
Date: July 1, 2001
Publisher: International Medical News Group
Volume: 29 Issue: 7 Page: 18

Distributed by Thomson Gale

Author: Norra Macready
Digital: 2 pages HTML
Company: International Medical News Group (2001-07-01) (2005-07-28)
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This digital document is a journal article from Addictive Behaviors, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Research has shown that smoking commercial cigarettes results in slight elevations in cortisol levels relative to smoking nicotine-free cigarettes. It is not clear however, whether cortisol concentrations are associated with nicotine withdrawal symptoms among regular cigarette smokers. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms resemble a stress response, and may therefore contribute to cortisol production. This preliminary study focuses on assessing the association between salivary cortisol levels and subsequent levels of self-reported withdrawal and craving symptoms. Twenty male smokers were studied during a 4-h deprivation period. All participants smoked an initial cigarette shortly after arrival and were informed that they would be unable to smoke for the remainder of the session. The session consisted of each participant watching a movie, and then waiting in the laboratory for two consecutive 30-min intervals. Self-reported nicotine withdrawal and craving were assessed four times and salivary cortisol, five times, during the session. Results show that baseline cortisol concentrations predicted subsequent withdrawal symptoms and craving measured using the Tobacco Withdrawal Symptom Checklist (WSC). This suggests that salivary cortisol may contribute to, or be a marker of, nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

Author: L.M. Cohen, M. al'Absi, F.L. Collins
Digital: HTML
Company: Elsevier (2004-11-01)
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This digital document is a journal article from Addictive Behaviors, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
This study was designed to assess the effect of controlled deep breathing on smoking withdrawal symptoms. In two laboratory sessions, dependent smokers refrained from smoking for 4 h. During a deep breathing session, participants were instructed to take a series of deep breaths every 30 min. During a control session, participants sat quietly. Controlled deep breathing significantly reduced smoking withdrawal symptoms, including craving for cigarettes and negative affect (tense, irritable), while resulting in the maintenance of baseline arousal (wide awake, able to concentrate) levels. Furthermore, a history of heavy smoking was associated with greater increases in arousal during the deep breathing session. The results of this preliminary study suggest that controlled deep breathing may be useful for relieving symptoms of smoking withdrawal.

Author: F. McClernon, E.C. Westman, J.E. Rose
Digital: 7 pages HTML
Company: Elsevier (2004-06-01)
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